Sunday, 26 June 2016
Thursday, 23 June 2016
NEW TRENDS IN MODERN TELUGU LITERATURE AND PRESS: A RETROSPECTIVE
NEW TRENDS IN MODERN TELUGU LITERATURE AND PRESS:
A RETROSPECTIVE
“Journalism is literature in a hurry”
-S.T.Coleridge.
Telugu literature and Journalism go hand in hand. Many Journalists were writers and thus penned great works and several writers were Journalists too…
The earliest Telugu journals, like in several other languages, were promoted by the missionaries and were mostly intended for religious propaganda. The first Telugu journal, a monthly, titled Satya Doota was published from Bellary in 1835. Printed in Madras (now Chennai) it concentrated on propagating the gospel of Christ. Several such journals were published subsequently. The Hitavadi, which was published weekly, ceased to exist after a few years. The Canadian Baptist Mission published the weekly Ravi from Kakinada, giving space to news as well as religious matters. Rao Bahadur K. Veeresalingam Pantulu, scholar, educationist and social reformer, made a beginning in Telugu Journalism with his weekly, the Vivekavardhani, devoted to social and language reform. A competing paper was the Andhrabhasha Sanjivini, edited by Venkataratnam Pantulu, also a scholar and socio-religious leader. These two papers carried on a lively controversy on the common subjects in which they were interested.
ANDHRA PATRIKA: THE BEGINNING:
The first Telugu news weekly Andhra Prakasika was published in 1886 by A.P. Parathasarathi Naidu from Madras (now Chennai). It supported the National Congress. It continued for 25 years after which it was converted into a bi-weekly and again into a weekly. It ceased publication in the late twenties of the 20th Century. Telugu journalism played an important role in unification of Telugu-speaking areas and the formation of a separate province of Andhra Pradesh, a dream which materialised long after independence in 1956.1 Sasilekha (1894) was the first weekly to campaign for this. From the late 18th Century, the bulk of the Telugu area remained under the composite Madras Presidency and the remaining part in the Nizam’s territory. It was because of this that for a long time Madras remained the centre of Telugu journalism. The credit for starting a Telugu daily paper goes to Devagupta Seshachairao who started the Desabhimani, first as a fortnightly, then as a daily newspaper in the last decade of the 20th Century.
At about this time, a controversy arose between the champions of literary Telugu and simple popular versions of the language The Andhra Sahitya Parishad Patrika published by the Parishad in 1911 took the cause of simple Telugu. The foundations of modern Telugu were, however, laid in the journal Janata published and edited by Viswanadha Satyanarayanana and Ramakoteswara Rao. Andhra’s first successful daily paper the Andhra Patrika, that is still published, was started as a weekly from Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1908 by K. Nageswara Rao Pantulu. He was a businessman, who sold pain balm. Patriotic instinct led him into journalism.2 He moved the weekly to Madras in 1914 and after a few years, converted it into a daily. The Andhra Patrika acquired its form and character under the editorship of Seshagiri Rao. After his death, Nageswara Rao himself took over the editorship. He favoured sober advocacy of the Andhra cause. The daily and the weekly as well as the monthly Bharati, started in the late 1920s, became an institution widely patronised by the Telugu-reading public. The paper was dominant in spreading Gandhiji’s ideals in the nooks and corners of Andhra. After the death of Nageswara Rao in 1938, the Patrika was managed by a trust. It shifted to Vijaywada in 1965 after Andhra province was formed. Later it started publishing from Hyderabad too. A popular rival of Andhra Patrika was the Andhra Prabha, first published in 1938 by the Express Group. Its first editor was Khasa Subba Rao. N. Narayanamurti followed him as the editor.
Narala Venkateswara Rao was the most famous editor of Andhra Prabha, who set a high benchmark for Telugu journalism. A versatile and well-read person, Rao, besides playing a vital role in shaping public opinion on several pressing national and regional issues, also coined scientific Telugu terminology. He loved his freedom. He resigned from the Andhra Prabha and became the editor of Andhra Jyoti, which was started in 1960 in Vijaywada. In Telugu language, interestingly, weekly papers by and large fared well both in terms of circulation and the quality of content than the dailies. The Krishna Patrika started in 1902 by Konda Venkatappayya and Dasu Narayana Rao and edited later by M. Krishna Rao and K. Ramakoteswara Rao espoused the Telugu cause. A weekly titled Zamin Ryot was published from Nellore Andhra Pradesh in 1930. It espoused the cause of the zamindari system abolition. In fact, it was an offspring of this movement in India. The stalwarts of the Freedom Movement, including Mahatma Gandhi, N.G. Ranga, Biswanathadas Mahoopadyaaya and Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu had acknowledged the contribution of Zamin Ryot in the abolition of Zamindari System in India. The weekly is still being published, becoming one of the oldest surviving Telugu publication. Among the other successful weeklies were the Prajamitra. Anandavani, Janavani, Prajabandhu, and Swatantra once edited by the legendary Khasa Subba Rao. The formation of the Andhra Pradesh state in 1953 gave a fillip to Telugu journalism. Four dailies which were started at around this time were: Andhra Janata (from Hyderabad), Andhra Bhoomi, Rajahmundry Samacharam (Rajahmundry) and Vishalandhra (Vijaywada). However, it was the daily Eenadu that brought about a new surge of dynamism in Telugu journalism. It was launched in Visakhapatnam on August 10, 1974, and a year later in Hyderabad. C.V. Ramoji Rao, the publisher of Eenadu, single-handedly changed the way journalism was practised in the Telugu media. He made journalism a vehicle of the masses, with need-based content, racy language and attractive layout. Telugu people adored it and it grew at a phenomenal speed. Ramoji Rao began to expand his operations. He started another edition of Eenadu from Vijaywada in 1978, Tirupati in 1982, Anantapur in 1991 and Karimnagar and Rajamundry in 1992. By mid 2011, it was published simultaneously from 23 printing centres and its circulation was over 17 lakh (1701145 copies according to ABC Jan-June 2011 figures) a day, making it one of the largest circulated newspaper in the country.3 Ramoji Rao established ETV and expanded it as a national network comprising multi language channels. Vaartha, a daily newspaper was published in 1993 by the Sanghi group. Telugu newspapers, like in other states, went for multiple and multi-location editions in a big way. Andhra Jyoti, which was first published in Vijaywada in 1960, started editions in Hyderabad (1986), Tirupati (1987) and Visakhapatnam (1991). Andhra Prabha of the India Express group, which played an important role in freedom movement spread out from its base in Vijayawada to Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam, and even outside Andhra Pradesh to Bangalore and Madras to serve the Telugu speaking people there. By the new millennium, many Telugu newspapers were being published from Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Delhi and other places. The trend of newspapers venturing into other publications and media and gradually becoming a multi ‘product’ media house started with Telugu papers too. Almost all the big newspapers started sister publications and began to venture into other media such as television, radio, film production, book publishing, etc. Eenadu started a farmer’s monthly, the Annadata, and two literary monthly publications, Chatura and Vipuala. It also published an English daily, the Newstime from Hyderabad but it could not survive for long. Andhra Jyoti published a weekly and children’s monthly called Bala Jyoti. Andhra Bhoomi published a weekly titled Sachitra Vara Patrika. According to the RNI 2007-08 figures, there were 2168 Telugu newspapers in the country, including 405 dailies, 372 weeklies, 340 fortnightlies and 971 monthlies. As per the IRS Q-2, 2011 results, the top five Telegu daily newspapers in terms of readership were Eenadu (Readership: 59.5 lakh), Sakshi (50.56 lakh), Andhra Jyothi (21.1 lakh), Vartha (3.44 lakh) and Andhra Bhoomi (2.53 lakh). Radio and television By mid 2011, Andhra Pradesh had about 20 AIR stations and over 20 private radio stations including Red FM, Big FM, Radio City, Radio Mirchi and Visakha FM. There were four campus radio stations, including Bishnu FM (Campus Radio of Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women, Bhimavaram in West Godavari District), Bol Hyderabad (Department of Communication, University of Hyderabad), Sri Venkateswara Oriental College Radio at Tirupati and Gyan Vani. There were two community radio stations: Deccan Radio, Hyderabad and Sangham Radio in Medak district (run by Deccan Development Society) By mid 2011, Andhra Pradesh enjoyed wide television coverage both in terms of geographical coverage, audience and number of channels. The Doordarshan Telugu channel Saptagiri was the first TV channel launched in Hyderabad in the early 1970s. By 2011, Doordarshan transmitted two terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel from Hyderabad. Many private regional television channels began broadcasting from the early 1980s. Among the major Telugu television satellite channels broadcast from Hyderabad were: DD-Saptagiri, ETV Telugu, ETV2, Gemini TV, Teja TV, Maa TV, APtv, ATV, Vissa TV, Raj News, TV9, Sakshi TV, Zee Telugu, HMTV, Studio N, I News, Gemini News, NTV, TV5 (India), Channel 4 HyTV, Jagruti News, ABN Andhrajyothi, T news (Telangana news channel), etc. Telugu media has taken to the web medium in a big way. Several newspapers have their e-paper edition. The Eenadu first started e-paper edition. Presently almost all the major papers including Andhra Jyothy, Vaartha, Sakshi have e-paper editions. By mid 2013, there were a number of Telugu-people centric stand-alone news sites. (The author, a journalist-turned-media academician, presently heads the Eastern India campus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication located in Dhenkanal, Odisha. This article is the seventh in a series on the history of regional language journalism in India. The ones on Bengali, Urdu, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi and Tamil journalism have appeared in previous issues.) October-December 2013
According to the RNI 2007-08 figures, there were 2168 Telugu newspapers in the country, including 405 dailies, 372 weeklies, 340 fortnightlies and 971 monthlies. As per the IRS Q-2, 2011 results, the top five Telegu daily newspapers in terms of readership were Eenadu (Readership: 59.5 lakh), Sakshi (50.56 lakh), Andhra Jyothi (21.1 lakh), Vartha (3.44 lakh) and Andhra Bhoomi (2.53 lakh). Radio and television By mid 2011, Andhra Pradesh had about 20 AIR stations and over 20 private radio stations including Red FM, Big FM, Radio City, Radio Mirchi and Visakha FM. There were four campus radio stations, including Bishnu FM (Campus Radio of Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women, Bhimavaram in West Godavari District), Bol Hyderabad (Department of Communication, University of Hyderabad), Sri Venkateswara Oriental College Radio at Tirupati and Gyan Vani. There were two community radio stations: Deccan Radio, Hyderabad and Sangham Radio in Medak district (run by Deccan Development Society) By mid 2011, Andhra Pradesh enjoyed wide television coverage both in terms of geographical coverage, audience and number of channels. The Doordarshan Telugu channel Saptagiri was the first TV channel launched in Hyderabad in the early 1970s. By 2011, Doordarshan transmitted two terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel from Hyderabad. Many private regional television channels began broadcasting from the early 1980s. Among the major Telugu television satellite channels broadcast from Hyderabad were: DD-Saptagiri, ETV Telugu, ETV2, Gemini TV, Teja TV, Maa TV, APtv, ATV, Vissa TV, Raj News, TV9, Sakshi TV, Zee Telugu, HMTV, Studio N, I News, Gemini News, NTV, TV5 (India), Channel 4 HyTV, Jagruti News, ABN Andhrajyothi, T news (Telangana news channel), etc. Telugu media has taken to the web medium in a big way. Several newspapers have their e-paper edition.
The Eenadu first started e-paper edition. Presently almost all the major papers including Andhra Jyothy, Vaartha, Sakshi , Prajashaki, Vishalandhra and even some small dailies like Satyam (eveninger-Srikakulam) are hainvingve e-paper editions. By mid 2013, there were a number of Telugu-people centric stand-alone news sites. (The author, a journalist-turned-media academician, presently heads the Eastern India campus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication located in Dhenkanal, Odisha. This article is the seventh in a series on the history of regional language journalism in India. The ones on Bengali, Urdu, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi and Tamil journalism have appeared in previous issues.)
By mid 2011, Andhra Pradesh had about 20 AIR stations and over 20 private radio stations including Red FM, Big FM, Radio City, Radio Mirchi and Visakha FM. There were four campus radio stations, including Bishnu FM (Campus Radio of Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women, Bhimavaram in West Godavari District), Bol Hyderabad (Department of Communication, University of Hyderabad), Sri Venkateswara Oriental College Radio at Tirupati and Gyan Vani. There were two community radio stations: Deccan Radio, Hyderabad and Sangham Radio in Medak district (run by Deccan Development Society) By mid 2011, Andhra Pradesh enjoyed wide television coverage both in terms of geographical coverage, audience and number of channels. The Doordarshan Telugu channel Saptagiri was the first TV channel launched in Hyderabad in the early 1970s. By 2011, Doordarshan transmitted two terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel from Hyderabad. Many private regional television channels began broadcasting from the early 1980s. Among the major Telugu television satellite channels broadcast from Hyderabad were: DD-Saptagiri, ETV Telugu, ETV2, Gemini TV, Teja TV, Maa TV, APtv, ATV, Vissa TV, Raj News, TV9, Sakshi TV, Zee Telugu, HMTV, Studio N, I News, Gemini News, NTV, TV5 (India), Channel 4 HyTV, Jagruti News, ABN Andhrajyothi, T news (Telangana news channel), etc. Telugu media has taken to the web medium in a big way. Several newspapers have their e-paper edition. The Eenadu first started e-paper edition. Presently almost all the major papers including Andhra Jyothy, Vaartha, Sakshi have e-paper editions. By mid 2013, there were a number of Telugu-people centric stand.
Over the last century writing in Telugu had moved from a grandhikam ( traditional) to a simpler one referred to as vyavahaarika bhasha (write as you speak/colloquial language). This had been largely due to the efforts of people like Gidugu Ramamurthy Pantulu, Gurajada and other towering personalities in Combined Andhra Pradesh.
, Gidugu Ramamurhty garu who was one of the pioneers of the principle of utilizing commonly spoken language for his written work from the early 20th century. This became more pronounced after 1947 – regional literature began to carve a place for itself after India attained political independence. Since then, magazines and books have used language that is easy to understand. Therefore, contemporary Telugu books (of any genre) and other literary publications such as journals and magazines are rarely penned in a high flown language.
It is interesting and important to note that there is a key point being raised about current writing in Telugu. This is about the emergence of literature (over the last ten years) in dialects that are specific to certain districts or locations in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Referred to as maandalikam (regionalism), this type of writing tends to bring various social issues, cultural traditions and other local aspects to the forefront and may gain acceptance and popularity with persons who hail from those places. All the same, such work might not be easily understood by people in other areas in the state owing to the distinctions in socio-cultural practices as well as Telugu idioms, linguistic usages et al. For example, Naamini Subrahmanyam Naidu who had been writing in the widely spoken language of Telugu (with or without specific dialectic and other influences), has used the dialect of the Rayalaseema region in his novel Munikannadi Sejhyam. This is one of the books that has contributed to the ongoing debate on whether maandalikam will prevail in the future, or vyavahaarika bhasha. The language spoken in Telangana is different from Rayalaseema and the language used in Andhra Pradesh differs from the language of Telangana and Rayalaseema. Also there is a difference of language used in Coastal Andhra and the remaining Andhra Pradesh places.
Some Newspapers like, Eeenadu used colloquial language and attracted the readers. While some kind of experimentation in the manner and subject of writing is welcome and perhaps necessary, it must transcend regionalism so that everyone understands what is being conveyed. But at present, the argument regarding dialect and area specific writing is being pulled in different directions.
However, Newspapers like, ANDHRA PRABHA usedGrandhika Bhasha for long. EENADU started using Prajala Bhasha. In journalism, we believe, “ Write as you speak”, is paramount important when writing news or reporting an event.
This has been highly popularized by media experts, Sh.Narla and Sh.ABK Prasad. Later a writer cum journalist, KNY Pathanjali popularized the colloquial language and he ran an eveninger from Visakhapatnam before joining Saxi daily(many are unaware about this). Thus writers and journalists and journalists cum writers influenced the Telugu journalism and media in Andhra (Combined).
Dr.GKRao,IIS, Ph.D.(Journalism-AU), PGDIL,SPGDIS, DIH.,
STUDENT CENTRIC LEARNING: A THRUST FOR CREATIVE THINKING
STUDENT- CENTRIC- LEARNING -
- THRUST FOR CREATIVE THINKING
ABSTRACT
The effective classroom features a multi-sensory approach, one that allows for individualized pacing that is student controlled. In the student centered classroom, the teacher is a coach and mentor, a support person who troubleshoots and problem-solves when students need such help. The students ask questions, the teacher addresses these questions as they arise. After direct instruction the students work with the materials at hand, beginning with knowledge, where the students become acquainted with the lessons' expectations and materials. This paper presents views and ideas related to student centric learning and the impetus it gives to creativity among the student fraternity with this pedagogy.
Keywords: student centred learning, teacher a coach and mentor
No doubt, teaching is an “ART”….A teaching can mould or inspire the society through students…This is possible only from teaching fraternity, wherever they are and what may subject be. From Takshashila to the present High Tech yuga, lot many changes and developments cropped up in the field of teaching and of course in learning….
The effective classroom features a multi-sensory approach, one that allows for individualized pacing that is student controlled. In the student centered classroom, the teacher is a coach and mentor, a support person who troubleshoots and problem-solves when students need such help. The students ask questions, the teacher addresses these questions as they arise. After direct instruction the students work with the materials at hand, beginning with knowledge, where the students become acquainted with the lessons' expectations and materials.
The teacher manages instructional time by floating amidst a classroom that is entirely individualized. Student centered classrooms generally create a more inquisitive environment on the part of the students. Students use peers for understanding, are permitted to leave their seats, locate peer help, and return to their seats.
It’s not only that each student is exposed to a unique curriculum, the pacing of that curriculum is also unique. Student centered classrooms place the responsibility onto the student to seek the necessary information as opposed to teacher centered classrooms where students passively receive and submissively interact with the lesson. My classroom competes against the existing paradigm in serve existing LSHS students. Many of my students struggle with altering their habit of sitting in the traditional didactic classroom.
Classroom standardization is the impetus for the teacher-centered classroom, a place where a teacher rules the classroom roost, using a prescribed approach to teach a generic curriculum to everyone in the classroom at the same time. Classroom standardization docks the teacher for having begun the class before the observer enters. Classroom standardization causes the observer to confuse student questions with complaints.
The student centered classroom forces students to be inquisitive. Curiosity is something educators strive for. Curiosity is the opposite of apathy. Within the student centered classroom apathy has no place. Student centered classrooms spark that innate inquisitive nature of human beings, ramping up classroom rigor. Thus, students seek clarification. This creates the struggle of learning. Working through the struggle is education. There is no rigor if there is no struggle. How prepared are students to struggle?
Preparing students for the real world might mean pushing them out of their comfort zones, making them expect more from themselves, grooming them to place value on what matters. Therefore, they might be willing to struggle through the learning curve in order to accomplish their goals. Meeting goals has value.
Not all teachers fit into the classroom standardization didactic paradigm. The teacher, who engages students, is dynamically forcing apathetic students to partake in activities and will alter the didactic paradigm from teacher centered to student centered classroom. Nevertheless, learning is enhanced when students are engaged in the learning process. Our challenge as teachers is to find creative ways to design dynamic learning environments that involve students in doing their own thinking about the lesson. Students practiced in the teacher centered classroom either welcome or reject their new role in the educational process. If the students struggle, if the students question, if the students ponder they are engaged.
Assessment of Student Centric learning In a student centered classroom, students are encouraged to participate actively in learning the material as it is presented rather than being passive and perhaps taking notes quietly.In the student centered classroom students are involved throughout the class time in activities that help them construct their understanding of the material that is presented.The instructor no longer delivers a vast amount of information, but uses a variety of hands-on activities to promote learning.
CREATIVE THINKING AND STUDENT CENTERED LEARNING
In student-centred learning, in terms of curriculum practice, the student has the choice in what they want to study and how they are going to apply their newfound knowledge. According to Ernie Stringer, “Student learning processes are greatly enhanced when they participate in deciding how they may demonstrate their competence in a body of knowledge or the performance of skills.” This pedagogical implication enables the student to establish his or her unique learning objectives. The teacher evaluates the learner by providing honest and timely feedback on individual progress. According to Barbara Nanney “The instructor facilitates the learner individually or in cooperative groups by posing problems, setting time limits, providing varying amounts of guidance, asking leading questions, choosing students to respond, or giving positive responses.” The beginning and ending of the discussion and change of the topic if necessary has to be decided by the teacher. Hence in the present context of increasing necessity for improving soft skills, this pedagogy is more suitable. The verbal and no verbal skills of the students have to be mended by the instructor. Building a rapport with students is an essential strategy that educators could utilize in order to gauge student growth in a student-centered classroom.
Project-based learning, problem-based learning, and inquiry-based learning all three closely relate to the information processing approach. They all fit well with technology-rich learning environments where the focus is not on the hardware and software, but on the learning experience. In each case, technology is used to facilitate learning. It may be a tool to organize ideas (such as Inspiration), search for current information (such as an online news source), or present ideas (such as PowerPoint presentations). However the focus of learning environment is the student's excitement about solving a problem or addressing an issue they find meaningful. Student feels the creative urge to figure out what he really wants to learn. Evolving approaches to teaching are also quite important to the discussion of relevance. Key developments here have been the introduction of new program options, such as part-time programmes, online study possibilities, and courses that allow students to acquire credit for current or prior professional experience, among others.
The said innovations seek to more effectively meet the needs of contemporary students, many more of which are balancing work and/or family obligations, returning to schooling after a break of some years, or pursuing lifelong learning interests and goals. In countries where the focus has long been on rote learning, emphasis has shifted in recent years to developing students' analytical and critical thinking skills, as well as a clearer understanding of how to learn. Along with curriculum and pedagogy, research has also been an important factor in the move toward relevance.
Technology can play an interesting and essential role in an institution's centralized approach to teaching and outcomes-based handling of student learning. For example, faculty may be required to use e-learning platforms such as Black Board or WebCT. This process painful though it may be for many individuals -typically forces teachers to think more reflectively about course design,delivery, and assessment. It can stimulate creative new ways to engage students and to incorporate highly contemporary materials, while sensitizing faculty to the range of new challenges and possibilities inherent in the application of educational technologies.
However, the reading capabilities of the students have drastically came down as they hardly read books and magazines and spend time lavishly on non and un-important areas. Here comes the major setback in their career . This is where the students lack confidence. When a student loses confidence, he is lacking creativity…When he lacks creative
thinking, he is no where ; and he may not fit in any frame..Hence the role of a teacher is paramount important to good old days. It’s thus a teacher should influence the student towards creative thinking and creative writing as well for his better future…
References
- Felder R.M and Brent R., "Active Learning: An Introduction." ASQ Higher Education Brief,2(4),August2009.
2. Bullard L, Felder R.M, and D. Raubenheimer, "Effects of Active Learning on Student Performance and Retention." 2008 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, ASEE, June 2008.
3. Felder R.M,, "It Goes Without Saying." Chem. Engr. Education, 25(3), 132-133 (Summer 1991).
4.Bullard L.G. and Felder R.M., "A Student-Centered Approach to Teaching Material and Energy Balances. Part 2. Course Delivery and Assessment."(2007)
5.Brandes D, Ginnis P, 1996 A Guide to Student Centred - Learning
6. Nanney Barbara, Student Centred Learning.
MEDIA TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION:WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRINT MEDIA
MEDIA TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRINT MEDIA
First of all, let me invoke the media expert, Marshall mcluhan.
”The medium is the message.”
― Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
― Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
What is development ?
and what is Communication?
There are so many definitions to this……Development Communication is communication with a social conscience. It takes humans into account. Development communication is primarily associated with rural problems, but is also concerned with urban problems. It has two primary roles: a transforming role, as it seeks social change in the direction of higher quality of values of society. Development communication seeks to create an atmosphere for change, as well as providing innovations through which society may change.
Development communication has been defined in several ways by economic development experts, sociologists and communication experts. The terminology development communication originated in Asia. Definitions differ from region to region depending on the definers view of development.
Development communication is a communication used for the development of human beings. Print media and electronic media both play a significant role in the development communication of any country. In India, the Government uses print media to secure wide coverage of messages through various newspapers and journals. Print media as a traditional media plays a significant role in the development communication. In India, print media strengths have largely been shaped by its historical experience and, in particular, by its association with the freedom struggle as well as movements for social emancipation, reform, and amelioration. Today various modern and sophisticated technologies like, Internet, Whatsaap and other social media are using by the print media in both developed and under-developed countries and they also face stiff competition from electronic media.
However, it is a fact that communication is used as an empowerment tool for developing society. In other words, communication is used as a tool to facilitate the participation of people in development activities. Millions of people in developing countries are excluded from a wide range of information and knowledge, with the rural poor in particular remaining isolated from both traditional media and new information and communication technologies which would improve their life.
In ̳development communication there are two words “development” and ̳ “communication”. The meaning of these two words is , communication is a message understood or sharing of experience. Development is about change. It is about changing for the better. It could be about social or economic change for improvement or progress”.When we refer to development communication, it is about such communication that can be used for development. It is about using communication to change or improve something. The messages which are designed to transform the behavior of people or for improving their quality of life can be termed as development communication and these messages used to change the socio-economic condition of people. Therefore, development communication can be defined as the use of communication to promote development. Media like print media and electronic media plays a significant role in development communication of country. Even after the advent of electronic media like radio and television, the print media has not lost its charm or relevance. Print media has the advantage of making a longer impact on the minds of the reader with more in-depth reporting and analysis
CONTRIBUTION OF PRINT MEDIA::
The contribution of print media in providing information and transfer of knowledge is remarkable. Now-a-days, print media is faster than all ever before due to amazing advances in 3 technology in recent years. Technical breakthroughs alter the way we perceive the universe and manner in which we communicate with one another. So it‘s become important to study recent trends of print media-newspaper, magazines,booklet etc in the development communication of country and worldwide.
As far as the print media is concerned, after Independence when the Five Year Plans were initiated by the government for planned development, it was the newspapers which gave great importance to development themes. They wrote on various government development programs and how the people could make use of them. They cover about farming and related subjects and information about weather, market rates, availability of improved seeds and implements. The scientific and technological advancements have brought about steady fast development in the media world. New media are coming up while the old ones are being improved upon and in this process their availability has increased manifolds. They are now conquering even the remote and distant regions of the world. This multifaceted development has brought about a lot more variety than could be imagined. Today you have a variety of newspapears bonth in English and local languages. There are plenty of Small Newspapers and Eveningers available in every District Head Quarter. Mid Day and Afternoon are quite famous in Mumbai. Samna, a Marathi daily is quite popular in Maharashtra State.
Print medium was the first to be used as mass media for communicating the information. Till today print media is one of the powerful media among the rural people.
History of print media and written communication follows the progress of civilization which in turn moves in response to changing cultural technologies. The transfer of 4complex information, ideas and concepts from one individual to another, or to a group, underwent extreme evolution since prehistoric times. It has been 30,000 years later since the first recorded evidence of written communication and it is still dramatically changing. The Press in India, particularly the Indian language newspapers, was in the forefront of the struggle for freedom. Many leaders from Mahatma Gandhi downwards used their newspapers to activate the people to participate in the freedom struggle. But the newspapers are no longer active in the fight against poverty, disease, illiteracy and superstition.
Mahatma Gandhi used his Young India and Harijan quite systematically and usefully. Political leaders used the Press to rouse the people. It was, therefore , natural that the British rulers of India used every weapon in their armoury to silence the nationalist press. Newspapers always had the sword of Damocles hanging over their head. Security was asked at the slightest pretext and editors and publishers were prosecuted for sedition. Some editors were even transported to the Andaman. For the editors and people who worked in newspapers, journalism was a mission. Even captains of commerce who published newspapers treated this activity as their contribution to the struggle for freedom. Wages for journalists were poor and there was no security. Newspaper publication was not profitable and journalism was not paying as compared to other professions but things changed after Independence and each year saw acceleration in change. The first newspaper published in India was the Bengal Gazette started by James Augustus Hickey in 1780
Although the paper was rather frivolous in nature as it mostly only published gossip and advertisements, the thriving media industry owes its existence to James Augustus Hickey and his Gazette. Soon after, papers such as Bombay Herald and the Bombay Courier were started in the country. Interestingly, the Bombay Courier later merged with the Times of India newspaper. In 1818, the first regional language newspaper Samachar Darpan was published in Bengali. The Bombay Samachar started in 1822, remains to this day the oldest newspaper in Asia. In the pre-independence era, newspapers had one agenda in their minds–to further their ideology.
Bal Ganghadar Tilak is a prominent stalwart of the pre-independence era and a revolutionary leader who used his newspaper as a vehicle of communicating his ideas and ideals of the freedom struggle. Kesari, which was established in 1880, was published in Marathi. Prior to 1947, the newspaper industry had only one goal –to proliferate the cause of Independence. After India became Independent in 1947, British owners of the newspapers like The Times of India also left the country, handing over the businesses to Indian companies. Editors of pro-freedom struggle Indian newspapers had anti-British stance till 1947.
These newspapers gradually changed their approach; some became pro-establishment and the others adopted aggressive anti-establishment strategies. The publishers during the subsequent decades expanded their groups and chains with additions of new editions at other centers or new publications. It means after the independence of India scene of print media has changed. There has been a phenomenal rise in the number of newspapers and their circulation. The number of pages has increased. The quality of production has improved all rounds. Even medium Indian language newspapers have taken advantage of the advances in printing and communication technology to bring out multiple edition dailies. The best example of this one is Daily Sakaal which is among the first newspapers not only in Maharashtra but also in India, to have adopted modern management systems and processes. It has deployed the latest technology made available through partners who are world leaders in their areas of specialisation. Newspapers of the big chains face a stiff competition from these newspapers because they are equally well produced.
The government accepted the demand
for security of service for people working in newspapers and news agencies. All this helped in the growth in the number of newspapers and their circulation. The eighties and nineties saw the growth of medium Indian language newspapers. They adapted the latest printing and
communication technology to bring out multiple editions.
After Freedom:Post 1947, newspapers in India had a choice to make either align with the government and support all its initiatives or act as a critique to the newly democratised country and its head. Newspapers at first acted as unofficial sponsors of its various initiatives and schemes. The five year plan especially came highly endorsed by the national newspapers. Most of the newspapers in India came into existence post independence. Today thousands of magazines and newspapers are in circulation. Whilst in the early days of democracy, the Indian government enjoyed full support of the media houses
In the pre-Independence era, the editorial in a newspaper was widely read for the ead it gave and used newspaper as an instrument of social change. But in the new era, the editorial became shorter in length and weak in impact. The new generation of industrialist-publishers is now more interested in profits instead of society‘s obligation. Therefore, they closed down serious literary and political publications so as to retain the profit from the flagship publications. The tendency grew to treat the newspaper more as a marketable product than as an instrument of social change.
In the 21stcentury, presently , Indian print media is one of the largest print media in the world. The Times of India being the 8th most circulated newspaper in the world. With a daily circulation of 3.146 millions, The Times of India tops the list of the best newspapers in India, followed closely by local language papers. While Hindi dailies Dainik Bhaskar (2.547 million)
and Dainik Jagran (2.168 million) compete for the second and third place respectively, the The list of the Top 10 Newspapers in India is compiled by the ABC according to the circulation of the dailies.
1)The Times of India –English
2)Dainik Bhaskar –Hindi
3)Dainik Jagran–Hindi
4)Malayala Manorama –Malayalam
5)The Hindu –English
6)Eenadu –Telugu
7)Deccan Chronicle –English
8)Ananda Bazar Patrika –Bengali
9)Amar Ujala –Hindi
10)Hindustan Times –English
The top ten newspapers in world according to circulation (in thousands copies) in 2009 were:
1) ̳Yomiuri Shimbun‘ in Japan with 14,067 copies in Japanese language
2)Asahi Shimbun‘in Japan with 12,121 copies in Japanese language
3) Mainichi Shimbun‘in Japan with 5,587 copies in Japanese language
4) ̳Nihon Keizai Shimbun‘ inJapan with 4,635 copies in Japanese language
5) ̳Chunichi Shimbun‘ in Japanwith 4,512 copies in Japanese language
6) ̳Bild‘ in Germany with 3,548 copies in German language
7) ̳Reference News‘ in China with 3,183 copies in Chinese language
8)The Times of India‘ in India with 3,146 copies in English language
9) ̳The Sun‘ in United Kingdom with 2,986 copies in English language
10) ̳People‘s Daily in China with 2,808 copies in Chinese
Language.
However, the Print Media play a pivotal role in the national Development and in all round development of the public. Eventhough, the proliferation of the electronic channels rule the rust ; the print media can safeguard its plurality and importance in the scenario.
Let me conclude with a great saying , “I became a journalist to come as close as possible to the heart of the world.”
– Henry Luce
REFERENCE :
1. Audit Bureau of Circulation
2. Print media utilization pattern among the homemakers article by Dr. Shamsul hasan.
3. Newspaper futures: India and world by N. Ram-Editor-in-chief of the Hindu and Group Publications.
4. Newspaper trends in India:a case study of Marathi dailies in Maharashtra by Dr.Kiran Thakur Retired Professor and Head Department of Communication and Journalism University of Pune,Maharashtra, India.
5. The newspaper: the process behind the presentation and the newspaper history from http://library.thinkquest.org
6.̳The Top 10 Newspapers in India by Circulation‘ by
7.“From the Village to the Medium”, published by the Communication Foundation for Asia: Manila, 1976
Web-sites:
https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/455.Marshall_McLuhan
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